Sciatica is one of the most recognizable types of nerve pain. Many people assume it begins in the lower back, but that isn’t always the case.
Sciatica describes a pattern of pain that travels along the sciatic nerve pathway — typically from the lower back through the buttock and down the leg. The true source of irritation may occur at several different points along this pathway.
Understanding these causes helps explain why sciatica can feel different from person to person.
What the Sciatic Nerve Does
The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body. It begins in the lower spine and travels through the pelvis, buttock, and down each leg.
This nerve controls important functions including:
- movement of the leg and foot
- sensation in the lower leg
- signals between the spinal cord and muscles
When the nerve becomes irritated or compressed anywhere along this route, symptoms can develop.
Common Causes of Sciatica
Several conditions may affect the sciatic nerve.
Disc Herniation
A bulging or herniated disc can press on a nerve root exiting the spine. This is one of the most common causes of sciatica.
Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal can compress nerve roots, particularly in older adults.
Inflammation Around Nerves
Inflammation from injury or degenerative changes may irritate nerves without direct compression.
Muscle-Related Compression
In some cases, tight muscles in the buttock region can irritate the sciatic nerve.
How Sciatica Symptoms Feel
Sciatica often causes symptoms such as:
- sharp or shooting pain down the leg
- burning or electric sensations
- numbness or tingling in the leg or foot
- weakness in the leg
Pain usually affects one side of the body.
Some people experience mild intermittent discomfort, while others feel severe pain with sitting or walking.
Treatment Options for Sciatic Nerve Pain
Treatment depends on identifying the specific source of nerve irritation.
Possible approaches include:
- epidural steroid injections
- targeted nerve blocks
- minimally invasive procedures for spinal stenosis
- neuromodulation therapies for persistent nerve pain
The goal is to reduce pressure on the nerve and calm inflammation.
When to Seek Evaluation
Evaluation is recommended if sciatica:
- lasts longer than several weeks
- worsens instead of improving
- causes numbness or weakness
- interferes with sleep or mobility
Oregon Pain and Spine can determine the cause and recommend targeted treatment.
